Site icon Gyanodhan

Unit-6: Database Management System

Here’s a detailed explanation based on the content from the image:


1. Introduction to Database


2. Components of DBMS (Database Management System)


3. Structure of DBMS – Logical Structure


4. Three-Level Architecture (ANSI/SPARC Model)

  1. External Level (View Level): User-specific views of the database.
  2. Conceptual Level (Logical Level): Overall logical structure (entities, relationships).
  3. Internal Level (Physical Level): Physical storage of data.

Mapping Among Levels:


5. Comparison: Traditional File-Based System vs DBMS

AspectFile-Based SystemDBMS
Data RedundancyHighLow
Data ConsistencyHard to maintainEasy
SecurityMinimalStrong
Backup & RecoveryManualAutomated
Data AccessProgram-dependentQuery-based

6. Advantages of DBMS


7. Drawbacks of DBMS


Here’s a clear and concise explanation based on the second image content:


🔹 Relational Model

📌 What is the Relational Model?


📌 Relational Key Constraints

  1. Candidate Key: A set of minimal attributes that uniquely identify a tuple.
  2. Primary Key: A selected candidate key that uniquely identifies each record.
  3. Foreign Key: An attribute in one table that refers to the primary key in another table, creating a relationship between tables.

🔹 ER Model (Entity-Relationship Model)

📌 Elements:


📌 Types:


🔹 Converting ER Diagram to Relational Tables

Steps:

  1. Entity → Table
  2. Attributes → Columns
  3. Primary Key selection
  4. Relationships → Foreign Keys
  5. Handling Cardinality with appropriate foreign key placement

🔹 Database Schema


Database Anomalies

Here is an explanation of Database Anomalies in both Hindi and English:

1. Insertion Anomaly (Insertion Anomaly)

Example:

2. Update Anomaly (Update Anomaly)

Example:

3. Deletion Anomaly (Deletion Anomaly)

Example:

4. Redundancy Anomaly (Redundancy Anomaly)

Example:

5. Normalization Issues (Normalization Problems)

Example:


Understanding these anomalies is crucial for effective database design. Proper normalization can help minimize these issues, ensuring data integrity and consistency across the database system.

Codd’s 12 Rules:

Here are Codd’s 12 Rules in both Hindi and English:

Codd’s 12 Rules for Relational Databases

1. Information Rule (Information Rule)

2. Guaranteed Access Rule (Guaranteed Access Rule)

3. Systematic Treatment of Null Values (Systematic Treatment of Null Values)

4. Dynamic Online Catalog (Dynamic Online Catalog)

5. Comprehensive Data Sublanguage Rule (Comprehensive Data Sublanguage Rule)

6. View Updating Rule (View Updating Rule)

7. High-Level Insert, Update, and Delete (High-Level Insert, Update, Delete)

8. Physical Data Independence (Physical Data Independence)

9. Logical Data Independence (Logical Data Independence)

10. Integrity Independence (Integrity Independence)

11. Distribution Independence (Distribution Independence)

12. Non-subversion Rule (Non-subversion Rule)


These 12 rules form the foundation for Codd’s theory on relational database systems and help ensure that databases function in a consistent, flexible, and efficient way.

Exit mobile version