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Class 12 BSEB – Unit-3: Database

Database Anomalies

Here is an explanation of Database Anomalies in both Hindi and English:

1. Insertion Anomaly (Insertion Anomaly)

Example:

2. Update Anomaly (Update Anomaly)

Example:

3. Deletion Anomaly (Deletion Anomaly)

Example:

4. Redundancy Anomaly (Redundancy Anomaly)

Example:

5. Normalization Issues (Normalization Problems)

Example:


Understanding these anomalies is crucial for effective database design. Proper normalization can help minimize these issues, ensuring data integrity and consistency across the database system.

Codd’s 12 Rules:

Here are Codd’s 12 Rules in both Hindi and English:

Codd’s 12 Rules for Relational Databases

1. Information Rule (Information Rule)

2. Guaranteed Access Rule (Guaranteed Access Rule)

3. Systematic Treatment of Null Values (Systematic Treatment of Null Values)

4. Dynamic Online Catalog (Dynamic Online Catalog)

5. Comprehensive Data Sublanguage Rule (Comprehensive Data Sublanguage Rule)

6. View Updating Rule (View Updating Rule)

7. High-Level Insert, Update, and Delete (High-Level Insert, Update, Delete)

8. Physical Data Independence (Physical Data Independence)

9. Logical Data Independence (Logical Data Independence)

10. Integrity Independence (Integrity Independence)

11. Distribution Independence (Distribution Independence)

12. Non-subversion Rule (Non-subversion Rule)


These 12 rules form the foundation for Codd’s theory on relational database systems and help ensure that databases function in a consistent, flexible, and efficient way.

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